Indo-German Entanglements in Science and Technology: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Table of Con­tents
Intro­duc­tion  |  The entan­gled his­to­ries of IIT Madras |  Archival mate­r­i­al on the his­to­ry of IIT Madras in India |  IIT Madras in Ger­man archives |  Con­clud­ing remarks: Writ­ing Indo-Ger­man his­to­ry from Ger­man archives | Archives |  Bib­li­og­ra­phy 

Introduction

In my cur­rent research project, I explore Indo-Ger­man sci­en­tif­ic and tech­ni­cal col­lab­o­ra­tion dur­ing the Cold War through archival mate­r­i­al on the his­to­ry of the Indi­an Insti­tute of Tech­nol­o­gy (IIT) Madras, avail­able in India as well as in Ger­man archives. IIT Madras was found­ed and set up between 1956 and 1974 with the assis­tance of the Fed­er­al Repub­lic of Ger­many in the con­text of an evolv­ing devel­op­ment dis­course. By the 1970s, IIT Madras had devel­oped into “one of the Pre­mier Insti­tu­tions of its kind and the largest and most advanced tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion project under­tak­en by the Fed­er­al Repub­lic of Ger­many out­side Ger­many” (Fifth Indo-Ger­man Agree­ment, 1979). Between 20 and 40 Ger­man experts worked at any giv­en time between 1959 and 1974 to set up lab­o­ra­to­ries and engi­neer­ing cur­ric­u­la and estab­lish a cor­re­spond­ing research agen­da, while a first gen­er­a­tion of Indi­an fac­ul­ty in return received their train­ing in Ger­many through a schol­ar­ship pro­gramme. Ger­man ideas and prac­tices of engi­neer­ing edu­ca­tion and research are man­i­fest­ed and mate­ri­al­ized in lab­o­ra­to­ry setups and large amounts of Ger­man sci­en­tif­ic equipment.

What were the motives, aspi­ra­tions and expe­ri­ences of the Indi­an and Ger­man actors involved? Rich archival mate­r­i­al in both coun­tries facil­i­tates an entan­gled his­to­ry, bring­ing togeth­er both Indi­an and Ger­man per­spec­tives and nar­ra­tives. The sta­tus and acces­si­bil­i­ty to archival sources is rather asym­met­ric. IIT Madras has only recent­ly tak­en first steps to estab­lish its insti­tu­tion­al archive. A sur­vey of poten­tial archival doc­u­ments at IIT Madras has yield­ed large amounts of mate­r­i­al but also the urgent need for con­ser­va­tion and preser­va­tion. The ear­li­est doc­u­ments on the plan­ning of the insti­tu­tion in 1956 are found in the Polit­i­cal Archive of the Fed­er­al For­eign Office (Poli­tis­ches Archiv des Auswär­ti­gen Amts) in Berlin. The Ger­man Fed­er­al Archives (Bun­de­sarchiv) in Koblenz hold an archive repos­i­to­ry on IIT Madras by the Fed­er­al Min­istry for Eco­nom­ic Coop­er­a­tion and Devel­op­ment (Bun­desmin­is­teri­um für wirtschaftliche Zusam­me­nar­beit und Entwick­lung). Oth­er key archives for the his­to­ry of IIT Madras include the archives of the tech­ni­cal uni­ver­si­ties of Aachen, Berlin, Braun­schweig, and Stuttgart, which were men­tor insti­tu­tions in set­ting up IIT Madras. Oral his­to­ry inter­views with for­mer Indi­an and Ger­man fac­ul­ty and offi­cials and a large pho­to col­lec­tion at the IIT Madras Her­itage Cen­tre com­ple­ment the archival material.

The entangled histories of IIT Madras

How did the Ger­man pro­fes­sors think Indi­an engi­neers should be trained giv­en their own back­ground from the Ger­man sys­tem of tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion? How did Ger­man con­cep­tions cor­re­spond to the view­points and expec­ta­tions of their Indi­an coun­ter­parts? How did Indi­an stu­dents, fac­ul­ty and oth­ers expe­ri­ence the first decades of Indo-Ger­man col­lab­o­ra­tion? Which kinds of dif­fer­ences but also con­ver­gences in aspi­ra­tions can be traced on both the Indi­an and Ger­man sides? How did ideas and prac­tices of engi­neer­ing edu­ca­tion and research unfold and trans­form in the Indi­an, or we might rather say in the Madras envi­ron­ment? It comes as lit­tle sur­prise for a foun­da­tion with Ger­man involve­ment that Mechan­i­cal Engi­neer­ing was, and still is, the largest fac­ul­ty at IIT Madras. A ’sand­wich sys­tem’, where first year stu­dents spent every alter­nate week in the work­shop has, how­ev­er, been aban­doned. While Indi­an IIT-grad­u­ates have become a suc­cess­ful brand with­in the inter­na­tion­al cor­po­rate world, the cur­ricu­lum has grad­u­al­ly moved away from a focus on the lab­o­ra­to­ry and work­shop, and towards com­pu­ta­tion and theory.

In my project, I trace the first gen­er­a­tion of Ger­man experts, lab­o­ra­to­ry equip­ment and prac­tices at IIT Madras and place them with­in con­cepts and tra­di­tions of sci­ence and engi­neer­ing edu­ca­tion and research. This his­to­ry is embed­ded in a larg­er con­text of Indo-Ger­man polit­i­cal, eco­nom­ic, sci­en­tif­ic and indus­tri­al rela­tion­ships, and Ger­man involve­ment in tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion and aid. The his­to­ry of the Indi­an Insti­tutes of Tech­nol­o­gy has so far been under­stood as the import of a Mass­a­chu­setts Insti­tute of Tech­nol­o­gy (MIT)-type insti­tu­tion into post-inde­pen­dence Nehru­vian India that facil­i­tat­ed out­sourc­ing and the rise of the Indi­an IT indus­try (Bas­sett 2009 and 2016, Shar­ma 2016, Leslie and Kar­gon 1996 and 2006, and Sela­by 1972). After decol­o­niza­tion, India was iden­ti­fied with under­de­vel­op­ment. In the vision of Jawa­har­lal Nehru, the first Prime Min­is­ter of India, sci­en­tif­ic and tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion was a pri­ma­ry engine to trans­form India into a mod­ern and pros­per­ous nation-state. The post-inde­pen­dence Sarkar Com­mit­tee Report became a blue­print for the estab­lish­ment of the Indi­an IITs. The report iden­ti­fied specif­i­cal­ly the need for a num­ber of “MIT-type Insti­tu­tions” to devel­op and mod­ern­ize sci­ence and engi­neer­ing edu­ca­tion in India (Sarkar Com­mit­tee 1948).

The his­to­ry of IIT Madras, how­ev­er, reveals a more com­plex sto­ry. When it was inau­gu­rat­ed in 1959, IIT Madras was the third IIT after Kharag­pur, found­ed inde­pen­dent­ly in 1951, and IIT Bom­bay, found­ed with the assis­tance of the Sovi­et Union in 1958, just a year after the Sput­nik shock. The IIT Kan­pur Indo-Amer­i­can Pro­gramme came into exis­tence only in 1961 (Sela­by 1972). Accept­ing assis­tance from both, the Sovi­et Union and the Unit­ed States was cen­tral to Indi­an non-align­ment pol­i­cy. The agree­ment that Ger­many would assist in set­ting up one of the IITs was made at the meet­ing between Nehru and Kon­rad Ade­nauer in 1956, which was dom­i­nat­ed by dis­cours­es on the divi­sion of Ger­many and ten­sions between east and west. After obtain­ing sov­er­eign­ty in 1955, the Fed­er­al Repub­lic of Ger­many could explore its role as an inter­na­tion­al play­er and an artic­u­lat­ed mem­ber of the West­ern Block while the Hall­stein doc­trine expressed the Fed­er­al Republic’s claim to be the only legit­i­mate rep­re­sen­ta­tive of a Ger­man state. The gov­er­nance of set­ting up IIT Madras, until 1961 direct­ly under the For­eign Office, fol­lowed polit­i­cal guide­lines, to which edu­ca­tion­al and sci­en­tif­ic aspects were sub­or­di­nate. Seen from the West-Ger­man per­spec­tive, set­ting up IIT Madras was pur­su­ing cold war for­eign pol­i­tics by oth­er means.

Indo-Ger­man intel­lec­tu­al and sci­en­tif­ic exchanges date back to the 18th and 19th cen­turies, when Ger­mans were employed by the East India Com­pa­ny and the British Indi­an State, and stud­ied Indi­an cul­ture, lan­guages and phi­los­o­phy (Man­japra 2013). Free­dom fight­ers saw in Ger­many the ene­my of the despised British Raj, and there­fore a poten­tial ally. They also had a high regard for the Hum­boldt­ian uni­ver­si­ty and Ger­man tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion. The Ger­man Tech­nis­che Hochschule served at the fin de siè­cle as a mod­el for high­er engi­neer­ing edu­ca­tion in North Amer­i­ca as well as in large parts of East­ern Europe and Scan­di­navia (Wit­tje 2006). I inves­ti­gate how the estab­lish­ment of IIT Madras com­pares to these ear­li­er adap­ta­tions of a Tech­nis­che Hochschule mod­el. While the Indo-Ger­man rela­tion­ship was re-cast in the post-WWII world order, where the US claimed a lead in Third World mod­ern­iza­tion, the Wirtschaftswun­der brought Ger­many back as an eco­nom­ic player.

Com­pa­nies like Siemens, Bosch, Daim­ler Benz and AEG estab­lished joint ven­tures and pro­duc­tion plants in India and required local engi­neers and work­ers who were skilled to sat­is­fy the needs of the Ger­man shop floor. It remains to be stud­ied how IIT Madras fits into this pic­ture. IIT Madras was the largest, but only one of the many Ger­man projects on tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion in India, which was main­ly aimed at voca­tion­al train­ing. Indo-Ger­man col­lab­o­ra­tion in tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion was not sheer self­less devel­op­ment aid but intend­ed to meet the needs of Ger­man com­pa­nies on the Indi­an mar­ket (Preuss 2013, Lubin­s­ki 2018, Tet­zlaff 2018). Diverg­ing aspi­ra­tions for IIT Madras between the Indi­an and the Ger­man side became clear in the ini­tial doc­u­ments, where­by the Ger­mans labelled the insti­tute as a Tech­nis­che Lehranstalt, an insti­tu­tion for prac­ti­cal train­ing of hands-on engi­neer­ing skills rather than an elite research uni­ver­si­ty like MIT. It also needs to be stud­ied how Indo-Ger­man coop­er­a­tion in tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion relates to sim­i­lar coop­er­a­tion in Asian, Latin Amer­i­can and African coun­tries where Ger­man com­pa­nies had sim­i­lar interests.

One of the aspects I study is how the estab­lish­ment of IIT Madras relat­ed to the social, eco­nom­ic, and cul­tur­al tex­ture of South India in gen­er­al and Madras as a city, in par­tic­u­lar. How did sci­ence and engi­neer­ing edu­ca­tion pol­i­cy trans­late into prac­tice local­ly? The Ger­man experts laid a large empha­sis on prac­ti­cal edu­ca­tion and lament­ed the lop­sided the­o­ret­i­cal ori­en­ta­tion of their Indi­an col­leagues. Did the Ger­man experts make attempts to con­nect prac­tice in engi­neer­ing edu­ca­tion to the arguably skil­ful arts and craft com­mu­ni­ties of South India, or to devel­op an under­stand­ing for the low sta­tus accord­ed to prac­ti­cal knowl­edge and man­u­al labour in Indi­an social struc­ture and caste-based soci­ety? It seems that they repli­cat­ed a Ger­man craft work­shop instead. Their Indi­an col­leagues agreed on the impor­tance of prac­tice, but only in the­o­ry, as Sabine Preuss has put it (Preuss 2013, p. 96). Instead of becom­ing engines of social trans­for­ma­tion, as envi­sioned in the Nehru­vian project, IIT Madras and the oth­er IITs became engines of social repro­duc­tion, as point­ed out by Anjan­tha Sub­ra­man­ian (Sub­ra­man­ian 2015).

The bound­ary between Ger­mans and Indi­ans seems to have been clear­ly drawn with the Ger­man com­mu­ni­ty of experts pri­mar­i­ly stay­ing among them­selves rather than social­ly min­gling with their Indi­an col­leagues. Nei­ther the com­mu­ni­ty of Ger­man experts nor their Indi­an coun­ter­parts, how­ev­er, can be under­stood as homo­ge­neous groups. Both were com­posed of indi­vid­u­als and sub­groups with diverg­ing, if not oppos­ing his­to­ries, opin­ions and inter­ests. Among the Ger­man group, ten­sions seem to have been strongest between pro­fes­sors and tech­ni­cians, and between experts on the ground in Chen­nai and the admin­is­tra­tors in Germany.

Archival material on the history of IIT Madras in India

Impor­tant source mate­r­i­al on the his­to­ry of IIT Madras in India are found at the IIT Madras Her­itage Cen­tre and among the admin­is­tra­tive doc­u­ments of IIT Madras, for which the insti­tute is cur­rent­ly set­ting up an archive.

The IIT Madras Heritage Centre

The IIT Madras Her­itage Cen­tre was found­ed in 2006 by retired IIT Madras Pro­fes­sor Ajit Kumar Kolar. It is locat­ed on the ground floor of the Admin­is­tra­tion Build­ing of IIT Madras and hous­es a per­ma­nent exhi­bi­tion on the his­to­ry of the institution.

http://heritage.iitm.ac.in/

The Her­itage Cen­tre is not an archive but has built up three impor­tant online col­lec­tions relat­ed to the his­to­ry of IIT Madras: the col­lec­tion of his­tor­i­cal pho­tographs, annu­al reports and stu­dent pub­li­ca­tions, and oral his­to­ry interviews.

http://heritage.iitm.ac.in/#collection

The col­lec­tion of pho­tographs con­tains about 15,000 pho­tographs of con­vo­ca­tions, lab­o­ra­to­ries and work­shops, offi­cial vis­its of Indi­an and Ger­man sci­en­tists and politi­cians, as well as pho­tographs of ani­mals and plants on cam­pus. The meta­da­ta for the pho­tographs is often missing.

The col­lec­tion of annu­al reports and stu­dent pub­li­ca­tions con­tains about 150 documents.

The Her­itage Cen­tre has so far con­duct­ed 57 oral his­to­ry video inter­views with for­mer fac­ul­ty and alum­ni, of which 43 are avail­able on the website.

Setting up the historical archive of IIT Madras

IIT Madras has start­ed the process of set­ting up its archive. Dur­ing a sur­vey on poten­tial archival hold­ings con­duct­ed in 2017 by Kumaran Satha­si­vam, Senior Exec­u­tive at the Her­itage Cen­tre and myself, we found large amounts of mate­r­i­al which should be pre­served and made acces­si­ble for his­tor­i­cal research and the wider pub­lic. We envi­sion the archive at IIT Madras not just as an admin­is­tra­tive unit but as a vibrant hub that facil­i­tates engage­ment with fac­ul­ty and stu­dents from a vari­ety of aca­d­e­m­ic fields in research and teach­ing projects.

To set up the archive, a plan­ning com­mit­tee has been formed with myself as its chair and fac­ul­ty advi­sor. An archive project team will plan the phys­i­cal archive and draft its gov­ern­ing doc­u­ments over the course of three years. The archive project will be inau­gu­rat­ed as part of the 60th anniver­sary cel­e­bra­tions of IIT Madras in 2019. The his­tor­i­cal archive as a per­ma­nent set­up, includ­ing stor­age facil­i­ties and a read­ing room, is sched­uled to open to the pub­lic by 2022. In addi­tion to the records of the cen­tral admin­is­tra­tion and the aca­d­e­m­ic depart­ments and cen­tres, the IIT Madras His­tor­i­cal Archive will col­lect per­son­al papers of pro­fes­sors and oth­er key actors at IIT Madras. This will be done in col­lab­o­ra­tion with the oral his­to­ry inter­views that have already been con­duct­ed by the IIT Madras Her­itage Centre.

IIT Madras in German archives

In com­par­i­son to Indi­an archives or col­lec­tions, large archive hold­ings on the his­to­ry of IIT Madras can be found in the Fed­er­al Archives of the Fed­er­al Repub­lic of Ger­many, as well as in the archive of the Tech­ni­cal Uni­ver­si­ty of Berlin. These rel­a­tive­ly large, sys­tem­a­tised hold­ings in the Fed­er­al Archives reflect the polit­i­cal impor­tance that was accord­ed to the project.

The Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin

The Polit­i­cal Archive of the Fed­er­al For­eign Office in Berlin holds the old­est doc­u­ments on the Indio-Ger­man col­lab­o­ra­tion to set up IIT Madras since the project was orga­nized ini­tial­ly direct­ly under the For­eign Office. The doc­u­men­ta­tion starts with the ini­tial offer made by the gov­ern­ment of the Fed­er­al Repub­lic of Ger­many to the Indi­an Gov­ern­ment to sup­port an Indi­an Tech­ni­cal Insti­tute at a meet­ing between Nehru and Ade­nauer in 1956 and the sub­se­quent India vis­it of the Ruck­er mis­sion to start the plan­ning. The files of the Ger­man Con­sulate in Madras (AV Neues Amt – Gen­er­alkon­sulat Chen­nai) are specif­i­cal­ly illu­mi­nat­ing since the Con­sulate was cen­tral to the local coor­di­na­tion. The fold­ers, which are organ­ised both chrono­log­i­cal­ly and the­mat­i­cal­ly, con­tain meet­ing pro­to­cols, reports, cor­re­spon­dence and news­pa­per clip­pings. They include doc­u­ments relat­ed to the open­ing of the insti­tute and the arrival of Ger­man fac­ul­ty and staff, which was attend­ed by the consulate.

The archives of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development in Koblenz

In 1961, the Min­istry for Eco­nom­ic Coop­er­a­tion and Devel­op­ment (Bun­desmin­is­teri­ums für wirtschaftliche Zusam­me­nar­beit und Entwick­lung) took over the plan­ning and admin­is­tra­tion of the Ger­man engage­ment at IIT Madras. The project ran into a cri­sis after the First Indo-Ger­man Agree­ment expired in 1964. A new agree­ment was only signed in 1966 after the coop­er­a­tion was re-orga­nized and the Madras-Com­mit­tee (Madras-Auss­chuss), con­sist­ing of rep­re­sen­ta­tives of the min­istry and men­tor uni­ver­si­ties (the tech­ni­cal uni­ver­si­ties of Aachen, Berlin, Braun­schweig and Stuttgart) took over plan­ning and administration.

The hold­ings of the Min­istry for Eco­nom­ic Coop­er­a­tion and Devel­op­ment con­tain large amounts of mate­r­i­al from the Madras-Com­mit­tee and oth­er mate­r­i­al relat­ed to the plan­ning and admin­is­tra­tion of the col­lab­o­ra­tion from the mid 1960s onwards, includ­ing fold­ers on the indi­vid­ual lab­o­ra­to­ries to be set up, cor­re­spon­dence with Ger­man fac­ul­ty and staff, reports from Ger­man fac­ul­ty and vis­i­tors in Madras, and min­utes of the meet­ings of the Madras-Com­mit­tee. The doc­u­ments include a series of drafts of the Indo-Ger­man gov­ern­ment agree­ments and a detailed report of the sta­tus of IIT Madras as well as the gen­er­al sit­u­a­tion of sci­en­tif­ic and tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion in India, draft­ed in 1967.

The archive of the Technical University of Berlin

As the Tech­ni­cal Uni­ver­si­ty of Berlin was one of the men­tor insti­tu­tions for IIT Madras, its archive has com­par­a­tive­ly large hold­ings on the coop­er­a­tion, start­ing from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, when the set-up phase had been com­plet­ed and the coop­er­a­tion had been trans­formed into a part­ner­ship. The hold­ings con­tain min­utes of the meet­ings of the Madras-Com­mit­tee, reports from Ger­man fac­ul­ty vis­it­ing IIT Madras, doc­u­men­ta­tion of col­lab­o­ra­tive projects, and brochures and reports sent by IIT Madras. A sec­tion of the mate­r­i­al con­cerns acqui­si­tions for the IIT Madras library, for which the library of the Tech­ni­cal Uni­ver­si­ty was a mentor.

The archive of the Tech­ni­cal Uni­ver­si­ty of Berlin is so far the only uni­ver­si­ty archive of any of the men­tor uni­ver­si­ties, where larg­er archival hold­ings on the coop­er­a­tion with IIT Madras could be locat­ed. The uni­ver­si­ty archive of the Uni­ver­si­ty of Braun­schweig has some mate­r­i­al on Pro­fes­sor Robert Kraus, the first Ger­man coor­di­na­tor for IIT Madras between 1959 and 1964, before the Madras-Com­mit­tee was set up. The uni­ver­si­ty archive of the RWTH Aachen has some mate­r­i­al on Hans A. Have­mann, Pro­fes­sor of Inter­na­tion­al Tech­ni­cal Coop­er­a­tion, who was cen­tral to the reor­ga­ni­za­tion of the col­lab­o­ra­tion in the mid-1960s.

Concluding remarks: Writing Indo-German history from German archives

The rich archival hold­ings on the Indo-Ger­man col­lab­o­ra­tion to set up IIT Madras in Ger­man archives, togeth­er with the equal­ly rich mate­r­i­al in India, allow us to write entan­gled his­to­ries far beyond the insti­tu­tion­al per­spec­tive. They help us to extend our per­spec­tives on the his­to­ry of sci­en­tif­ic and tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion in India and the for­ma­tion of the Indi­an engi­neer beyond the exist­ing nar­ra­tives of the British colo­nial engi­neer, MIT, and Sil­i­con Val­ley (Ram­nath 2017, Bas­sett 2009 and 2016, Shar­ma 2016).

The doc­u­ments at IIT Madras and the inter­views of the Her­itage Cen­tre pro­vide for a his­to­ry of IIT Madras from the per­spec­tive of Indi­an actors while the files in the Ger­man archives facil­i­tate a dis­tinc­tive view. Despite the rich­ness and avail­abil­i­ty of sources in Ger­man archives, and the cir­cum­stance that set­ting up IIT Madras has been the largest and most advanced tech­ni­cal edu­ca­tion project under­tak­en by the Fed­er­al Repub­lic of Ger­many out­side of Ger­many, its his­to­ry has so far not attract­ed any atten­tion among Ger­man his­to­ri­ans, not to men­tion his­to­ri­ans of sci­ence and tech­nol­o­gy. The transna­tion­al biogra­phies of sci­en­tists and engi­neers like Robert Krauss and Hans A. Have­mann, who taught and worked in Britain, Chi­na, Ger­many, India, and the Unit­ed States, and the glob­al ambi­tions of insti­tu­tions like the Insti­tute for Inter­na­tion­al Tech­ni­cal Coop­er­a­tion in Aachen, build­ing part­ner­ships from Tokyo to Ten­nessee, and from Madras to Val­paraiso, have so far left lit­tle, if any, traces in his­to­ry writ­ing. Such entan­gled his­to­ries would be cru­cial to facil­i­tate a more glob­al under­stand­ing of the dynam­ics of 20^th cen­tu­ry sci­ence and tech­nol­o­gy beyond the India-Ger­many binary.

Final­ly, a plea for archives in India. A com­mon pat­tern I observe is his­to­ri­ans of sci­ence and tech­nol­o­gy of and in India either walk­ing on the beat­en track of (post)colonial archives in the UK and oth­er coun­tries, or becom­ing them­selves archivists in India – a third solu­tion is, of course, not to look at archival mate­r­i­al at all. We should not sub­sti­tute writ­ing colo­nial his­to­ries of sci­ence and tech­nol­o­gy from the British Library with writ­ing post­colo­nial his­to­ries of India from Ger­man archives. The more I read about IIT Madras in Ger­man archives, the more it becomes a Ger­man sto­ry, the less it remains Indi­an. While the his­to­ri­an obvi­ous­ly rejoic­es to find such rich archival sources on the his­to­ry of IIT Madras in Ger­many, tru­ly entan­gled his­to­ries need more per­spec­tives and voic­es, specif­i­cal­ly those from Indi­an archives.

Archives

Bun­de­sarchiv Koblenz
Bestand 213 – Bun­desmin­is­teri­um für wirtschaftliche Zusam­me­nar­beit und Entwicklung

Her­itage Cen­tre IIT Madras
Pho­to­graph Col­lec­tion
http://heritage.iitm.ac.in/listing/categories/Photograph?select=Collection

Col­lec­tion of Insti­tute Pub­li­ca­tions
http://heritage.iitm.ac.in/listing/Categories/Publication?select=Publication

Oral His­to­ry Archives
http://heritage.iitm.ac.in/listing/artefacts/Multimedia%20File?Category=Oral+History+Archives

Poli­tis­ches Archiv des Auswär­ti­gen Amts Berlin
AV Neues Amt – Bestände des Gen­er­alkon­sulats der Bun­desre­pub­lik Deutsch­land in Madras (Chen­nai)
Bestände Zwis­chenar­chiv – Tech­nis­che Hil­fe für Indi­en
Bestände Zwis­chenar­chiv – Indis­che Tech­nis­che Hochschule Madras
Bestand B 58:35 – Tech­nis­che Lehranstalt

Uni­ver­sität­sarchiv der Tech­nis­chen Uni­ver­sität Berlin
Bestand 111 Akademis­ches Auslandsamt

Bibliography

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